Chloride Meter Gonotec CM20

Advantages

• Minimum sample volumes
• Perfect for determination of sweat samples
• Simple operation and handling
• Automatic measuring
• Fast operational readiness
• IVD-control standard in OPC-ampoules

Simple Handling and Documentation

• The CM20 chloride meter can be controlled easily and comfortably via a touch screen display.
• The results are sent to the optional built-in printer in document-ready format.
• A PC for data transfer can be connected via USB or RS232.
• The last results remain available for reading even after automatic switching to stand-by mode.
• The robust design of the measurement equipment makes the CM20 chloride meter easy to handle and maintain.
• Through the use of microprocessor

Automated Measurement Process

The measurement principle is based on coulometric impulse titration as an absolute measurement method. Through automated sample recognition, the measurement proceeds fully automatically after the sample is inserted without the need for manual confirmation by the user.

The end of the titration is determined by the measurement electrodes, which permanently determine the conductivity of the solution. This allows the CM20 chloride meter to be operated quickly and easily without the need for many years of experience in the classic chloride determination method. If the chloride ion concentration is very low, it is possible to raise the concentration using the standard solution.

Special Application: Cystic Fibrosis

Only small amounts of sweat are needed

• Ready-to-use electrolyte (acid buffer and stabilization additive); complies with IVD
• Required electrolyte replacement is indicated
• Required electrode cleaning is indicated (frequent source of error)
• Reference solution 100mmol/l; complies with IVD
• GMP-compliant (Rili-Bäk, MPG) qualification and validation in hospitals and cystic fibrosis clinics

Other Applications
The system is used both in medical laboratory diagnostics and in industry.

• Chloride determination in serum, urine, sweat or other body fluids
• Examination of food products for quality control purposes
• Water analysis of service water and wastewater
• Agricultural and ecological examinations for determination of salt content in soils
• Building material analysis in the production of cement and plaster
• Quality control in the chemical industry, e.g. in the production of fixing and developing baths
• Production control in the preparation of antibiotics and other pharmaceutical products
• Examination of the salt content of drilling muds in the mineral oil industry

Technical Information

Osmometers - Gonotec

The design of the OSMOMAT auto is based on ten years of experience with the measuring principle of the OSMOMAT 030. We have been able to automate the draining of the measuring system so that it is possible to reliably obtain a high sample throughput. The simple menu-driven operation allows for a minimum of user interaction and allows for automated operation of the OSMOMAT.

Advantages

•minimum user involvement via fully automatic measurement of up to 20 samples
•simple and fast
•small sample volume: 50 µL standard sample volume
•easy calibration
•measuring time: approximately 70 seconds per single measurement
•disposable plastic measuring vessels save time and money
•menu-driven operation
•automatic error detection: display shows clear error message
•sample data can be entered by means of a barcode reader
•measurement documentation by means of an integrated printer
•three different print versions with different information are possible, depending on the system configuration
•constant stand-by mode allows operation over a long period of time

Measurement Method

The total osmolality of an aqueous solution is determined by comparing the freezing point of pure water and the freezing point of the sample.

Water has a freezing point of 0 °C, a solution with saline concentration of 1Osmol/kg has a freezing point of -1.858 °C.

Applications

The OSMOMAT auto solves your problem when a large number of samples must be measured.

This unit is employed when routine measurements in the medical sector or in industry and research are required. The OSMOMAT auto can determine the total osmolality of aqueous solutions when small sample volumes are available or a short measuring time is required.

Technical Information

Osmometer Control Unit B

The control unit B includes all control-, monitoring- and measuring functions required for determination of the molecular weight. The measuring parameter are manually adjusted by switches at the front panel of the device. The 4-digit display alternatively shows the actual measuring result ( 1 digit equals to 1mV) at the output of the amplifier or the actual temperature of the measuring cell. A potentiometric recorder can be connected to the control unit B (recommended sensitivity 1 Volt full scale).
The evaluation for the final molecular weight Mn has to be done by the user himself (whereas the control unit SA offers a complete evaluation with a final report).

Technical Information

Osmometer Control Unit SA

The control unit SA is based on a modified PC and is monitoring the measuring cells with a specially developed software for this application.
Besides the control-, monitoring- and measuring functions, the unit undertakes the user guiding through the total measuring procedure and the final evaluation.
In the evaluation, all measurement parameter and results are summarized and treated by a statistical calculation. The average molecular weight Mn is the result.
Parameter, measuring values, linear regression curve and final result are summarized on one page for printing.

Technical Information

Osmometers - Gonotec

The OSMOMAT 010 is a universal cryoscopic osmometer for the determination of molar masses in benzene solution and the determination of the total osmolality in aqueous solutions. It is based on the well accepted measuring system of the OSMOMAT 030, which has been used for many years.

The OSMOMAT 010 is suitable for measuring freezing points of solvents of aqueous and organic solutions which have a freezing point between +10 and -5°C. The instrument is especially useful for rapid quality control measurements in industrial facilities as well as for research in scientific laboratories.

Advantages

•automatic calibration by switch
•no ice formation in the lower cooling system: reliable measurements even for long working periods
•measuring time approximately 1 min: valuable in case of serial measurements
•measurements and determination microprocessor controlled
•minimum sample volume: 50µL
•disposable plastic measuring vessels save time and costs
•automatic error detection and display
•optional measurement documentation by integrated matrix printer: date, time, sample number and measuring result are printed

Measurement Method

For the determination of the molar mass, the OSMOMAT 010 has to be calibrated first with the pure solvent and then with a solution with known molal concentration. It is then possible to adjust the zero point of the solvent with the range of -5ºC to 10ºC. The cell constant can be obtained from the calibration measurement, which then is used in the determination of the molar mass calculation.

For the sample measurement, solutions of concentrations of about 5 to 140 g/kg solvent will be prepared depending on the expected molecular weight. For the determination of molar masses below 1000 g/mol, a single point measurement is normally sufficient. Nonpolar substances may behave in a non-linear fashion in respect to the ratio measured value/concentrations in the range of low molecular weights and at least 3 solutions with graded concentrations should be measured.

The values obtained in this way have to be treated by means of linear regression analysis.

The total osmolality of aqueous solutions is determined by comparative measurements of the freezing points of pure water and of solutions. Water has a freezing point of 0ºC, a solution with saline concentration of 1 Osmol/kg has a freezing point of -1.858ºC.

Technical Information

Osmometers - Gonotec

The OSMOMAT 030 is the standard system for the determination of the total osmolality in aqueous solutions.

This system is commonly used in clinical chemistry laboratories as well as research and development laboratories in the pharmaceutical industry. It is simple to operate, very reliable and provides extremely rapid sample handling.

A wide range of options and accessories are available to allow the user to configure the system to meet the specific needs of the laboratory.

Advantages

•automatic calibration by simple operator command •ice does not form in the lower cooling system, this leads to reliable measurements even for long working periods
•the measuring time is approximately one minute; valuable in case of serial measurements
•all measurements and calculations are microprocessor controlled
•minimum sample volume: 50 µL (15 µL version option available)
•disposable plastic measuring vessels save time and costs
•automatic error detection and display
•optional RS232-data output for transmitting the results to the laboratory PC
•optional measurement documentation by integrated matrix printer: date, time, sample number and result are printed
•meets the requirements of the pharmaceutical industry by means of the optional 3-point calibration

Measurement Method

The total osmolality of an aqueous solution is determined by comparing the freezing point of pure water and the freezing point of the sample.
Water has a freezing point of 0 °C, a solution with saline concentration of 1 Osmol/kg has a freezing point of -1.858 °C.

Technical Information

Osmometers - Gonotec

The OSMOMAT 050 was especially developed for use in intensive care units. It is designed to be used on a 24 h/day 7 day/week basis and the system is always ready to collect data. The system performs all cleaning and control operations during the stand-by period so that the user can perform a measurement at any time. After performing a measurement, the OSMOMAT 050 is automatically cleaned so the next measurement can be performed as required.

Advantages

•high-performance measuring cell
•minimum sample volume
•simple injection of the sample solution (plasma or serum, whole blood not recommended)
•measuring time < 1 minute
•automatic zero setting
•user selection of the pressure dimension (mm Hg), (cm water column) or (k-Pascal), respectively
•display of the first result and storage of a second value serve as a control of the equilibration of the system
•automatic rinsing of the measuring cell after each measurement
•simple calibration with hydrostatic pressure differential
•automatic stand-by function over longer periods of time

Measurement Method

The colloid-osmotic pressure is measured by means of an osmotic cell. The lower half of the osmotic cell is closed off to the environment and is filled with electrolyte-containing Ringer's solution.

The upper half of the cell is open to the environment and is filled with a colloid-containing solution.

The two halves of the cell are separated from each other by a semipermeable membrane.

This membrane possesses defined pores through which only water and electrolyte molecules can permeate.

Due to the osmotic pressure differential of the two solutions, solvent permeates from the lower into the upper half of the measuring cell until an equilibrium is reached between the under pressure in the lower half of the cell and the osmolal concentration of the colloids.

An electronic pressure measuring system, which is mounted into the lower half of the cell, transduces the under pressure into an electric signal, which is shown on a digital display.

Applications

The colloid osmometer is suitable for routine measurement and research in medical applications.

Due to the high degree of automation of the measuring and control functions of the OSMOMAT 050, the operator interaction is reduced to a minimum. This ensures that the instrument is always ready for measurement and the instrument is especially suitable for application in intensive care units.

Typical applications for the OSMOMAT 050 include the measurement of the colloid-osmotic pressure with blood loss, hypalbumenia, albumin therapy for the prevention of lung edemas and all diseases resulting in a change of the colloid-osmotic pressure.

Technical Information

Osmometers - Gonotec

The OSMOMAT 070 is suitable for the determination of the average molecular weight (Mn) of polymers which are soluble in different organic solvents and for the determination of the osmolality of aqueous solutions.
The instrument can measure the molecular weights in the range from 40 to 50,000 in organic solutions and up to approximately 5000 g/Mol in water.
 

Advantages

•temperature difference measurement with two thermistors of high resolution
•display of the temperature difference by means of the Wheatstone-bridge with a resolution of about 5 x 10-5 ºC
•auto zero adjustment of the measuring system
•cell is thermostated with a very high temperature constant
•adjustable cell temperature in steps of 1 ºC between 30 ºC and 130 ºC thermistors are suitable for measuring electrically conducting liquids

Measurement Method

The vapour pressure method is suitable for the determination of the average molecular weight of polymers which are soluble in a variety of different organic solvents and for the determination of osmolality of aqueous solutions.

Two thermistors, connected for difference measurement, are suspended in a thermostated measuring cell, which is filled with the saturated vapour of the solvent. The measuring probes, which are first covered with solvent droplets, will adapt to the cell temperature.

There is no temperature difference between the two probes. Exchanging the solvent droplet of one of the probes by a droplet of the solution will lead to condensation of solvent vapour due to the lower vapour pressure of the solvent above the solution. The released condensation enthalpy increases the temperature of the solution droplet, which simultaneously leads to an increase of the vapour pressure.

After reaching the vapour pressure equilibrium of the solution droplet, a relative stable temperature is obtained at the solution droplet.

This temperature is converted by the measuring system to a direct voltage signal and is thereby as a measuring value at the user's disposal. The resulting relative measuring value is nearly proportional to the osmolal concentration of the solutions, may be however affected by heat loss and non ideal behaviour of the polymer solutions.

By calibrating with solutions of known molality and osmolality and by means of a final statistical calculation of the measuring value, the nonlinear behaviour may be eliminated.

Technical Information

Osmometers - Gonotec

The OMSOMAT 090 enables the measurement of the average molecular weight (Mn) of polymers that are soluble in aqueous or organic solvents within the range of 10,000 to 2,000,000 g/Mol.

The measurement is highly dependent on the membrane that is used. GONOTEC offers membranes with different "cutoffs" that are made of different materials, so that a suitable configuration can be offered for most applications.
 

Advantages

•high-performance measuring cell
•short response times
•small sample volumes
•highest measuring resolution of 0.1 mm liquid column per digit
•avoids "balloon effects"
•membrane diameter of 40mm

Measurement Method

The membrane osmometer OSMOMAT 090 consists of an osmotic cell which is located in a cell thermostat.
The osmotic cell is divided into two sections by a semipermeable membrane.
In the lower section, a hermetically sealed cell which is filled with pure solvent, a precision pressure measuring system is installed.
The upper section, which is positioned above the semipermeable membrane, is designed as a meander-shaped channel system with a large surface. A funnel tube and a discharge valve enable rinsing and filling of the cell with solvent or polymer solution.
Due to the osmotic pressure difference between solvent and solution, a vacuum, which is related to the concentration of the osmotic actively solute particles, is generated in the lower cell half.

Technical Information